[104], In 1941, Nobel Prize winner Alexis Carrel, an early proponent of eugenics and euthanasia, and a member of Jacques Doriot's French Popular Party (PPF),[citation needed] advocated for the creation of the Fondation Française pour l'Étude des Problèmes Humains (French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems), using connections to the Pétain cabinet. [85] Admiral Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist Bonnier de La Chapelle. These were broken after Vichy expressed support for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In theory, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of metropolitan France, French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco, the French protectorate of Tunisia, and the rest of the French colonial empire that accepted the authority of Vichy; only the disputed border territory of Alsace-Lorraine was placed under direct German administration. Until Jacques Chirac's presidency, the official point of view of the French government was that the Vichy regime was an illegal government distinct from the French Republic, established by traitors under foreign influence. Guadeloupe in the French West Indies also changed allegiance in 1943 after Admiral Georges Robert ordered police to fire on protestors,[76] before he fled back to Europe. [22], Joan of Arc replaced Marianne as the national symbol of France under Vichy as her status as one of France's best-loved heroines gave her widespread appeal while at the same time the image of Joan as devoutly Catholic and patriotic fit well with Vichy's traditionalist message. [4], Labor unions came under tight government control. The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand. It even, at first, opposed German plans. Besides the concentration camps opened by Vichy, the Germans also opened some Ilags (Internierungslager) for the detention of enemy aliens on French territory; in Alsace, which was under the direct administration of the Reich, they opened the Natzweiler camp, the only concentration camp created by the Nazis on French territory. The enclave had its own radio station (Radio-patrie, Ici la France) and official press (La France, Le Petit Parisien), and hosted the embassies of Axis powers Germany and Japan, as well as an Italian consulate. This was called the Unbesetztes Gebiet (Unoccupied zone) by the Germans, and known as the Zone libre (Free Zone) in France, or less formally as the "southern zone" (zone du sud) especially after Operation Anton, the invasion of the Zone libre by German forces in November 1942. In North Africa, after the 8 November 1942 putsch by the French resistance, most Vichy figures were arrested, including General Alphonse Juin, chief commander in North Africa, and Admiral François Darlan. Those responsible for the roundup were "450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders [who] obeyed the demands of the Nazis..... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state". In 1942 the birth rate started to rise, and by 1945 it was higher than it had been for a century. A Nazi ordinance dated 21 September 1940 forced Jews of the "occupied zone" to declare themselves as such at a police station or sub-prefectures (sous-préfectures). On 21 April 1945 General de Lattre ordered his forces to take Sigmaringen. After visiting from 8–13 January 1940, Wavell decided that Legentilhomme would command the military forces in both Somalilands should war with Italy come. Living as outlaws in the countryside and aided by the country people and by supplies dropped by aircraft from Great Britain, they harassed German communications and transport in preparation for Allied landings. Pointing to the French police's registering of Jews, as well as Laval's decision, taken completely autonomously in August 1942, to deport children along with their parents, Paxton added: Contrary to preconceived ideas, Vichy did not sacrifice foreign Jews in the hope of protecting French Jews. From then on, Jewish people were considered "second-zone citizens[173] ". The US position towards Vichy France and de Gaulle was especially hesitant and inconsistent. Corrections? Vichy was centrally located and had many hotels for ministers to use. Bousquet and Leguay were both convicted for their responsibilities in the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup of July 1942. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). French police were ordered to round up Jews and other "undesirables" such as communists and political refugees; at least 72,500 were killed.[6]. Triest, Willard G. "Gearing up for Operation Bobcat" in Mason, John T., editor, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPlayfair2004 (. Civilians suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods. "Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation". [118], The first President to accept responsibility for the arrest and deportation of Jews from France was Jacques Chirac, in a 16 July 1995 speech. [34] Joan of Arc who had fought against England was made into the symbol of France in part for that reason. [91] This bureaucratic decision was instrumental in their subsequent internment in the green ticket roundup. One Senator and 26 Deputies were on the Massilia. "[173] The first train of deportees left Drancy on 27 March 1942, for Poland – the first in a long series. Part of the residual legitimacy of the Vichy regime resulted from the continued ambivalence of U.S. and other leaders. Of the total, approximately 25,000 French Jews and 50,000 foreign Jews were deported. [35] The three examples that were used to illustrate these themes were the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940, the Royal Navy attack at Mers-el-Kébir on the French Mediterranean fleet that killed over 1,300 French sailors in July 1940, and the failed Anglo-Free French attempt to seize Dakar in September 1940. [citation needed], Some imply that France did too little to deal with collaborators at this stage, by selectively pointing out that in absolute value (numbers), there were fewer legal executions in France than in its smaller neighbour Belgium, and fewer internments than in Norway or the Netherlands[citation needed], but the situation in Belgium was not comparable as it mixed collaboration with elements of a war of secession: The 1940 invasion prompted the Flemish population to generally side with the Germans in the hope of gaining national recognition, and relative to national population a much higher proportion of Belgians than French thus ended up collaborating with the Nazis or volunteering to fight alongside them;[153][154] The Walloon population in turn led massive anti-Flemish retribution after the war, some of which, such as the execution of Irma Swertvaeger Laplasse, remained controversial.[155]. Vichy literature portrayed Joan as an archetypal virgin and Marianne as an archetypal whore. Shortly thereafter, Pétain signed the Armistice of 22 June. Meanwhile, the Resistance movements against both Vichy and the Germans grew rapidly in strength and significance as large numbers of young men fled to the hills and open country to escape the German forced-labour laws. [citation needed] Besides these eugenic activities aimed at classifying the population and improving its health, the Foundation also supported an 11 October 1946 law instituting occupational medicine, enacted by the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) after the Liberation. Thus, Pétain was approved by 65% of all Deputies and 70% of all Senators. The privates were first sent to "Stalag" camps for processing and were then put out to work. The French were left in place to administer the rump colony of Indochina until 9 March 1945, when the Japanese staged a coup d'état in French Indochina and took control, establishing their own colony, the Empire of Vietnam, as a puppet state controlled by Tokyo. Charged with the "study, in all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the French population in all of its activities", the Foundation was created by decree of the collaborationist Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel was appointed as "regent". Were they all replaced? ")[165] Macron made the following remark when discussing the Vel' d'Hiver roundup of Jews: "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Hitler ordered Case Anton to occupy Corsica and then the rest of the unoccupied southern zone in immediate reaction to the landing of the Allies in North Africa (Operation Torch) on 8 November 1942. Germany took two million French soldiers as prisoners of war and sent them to camps in Germany. About one-third had been released on various terms by 1944. Due to British requests and the sensitivities of its French Canadian population, Canada maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until the beginning of November 1942 and Case Anton – the complete occupation of Vichy France by the Nazis.[59]. The registered information was then centralised by the French police, who constructed, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. This government, was commonly referred to as Vichy France and was headed by Henri Philippe Pétain, a General during World War One. Singer, Barnett. Because of its unique situation in the history of France, its contested legitimacy,[1] and the generic nature of its official name, the "French State" is most often represented in English by the synonyms "Vichy France", "Vichy regime", "government of Vichy", or in context, simply "Vichy". Joseph Darnand created a "Service d'Ordre Légionnaire" (SOL), which consisted mostly of French supporters of the Nazis, of which Pétain fully approved. Speaking to French TF1 television news, historian Gilles Morin said the archives would probably shed new light on the arrest of Jean Moulin, a French … [151], The provisional government also took steps to replace local governments, including governments that had been suppressed by the Vichy regime, through new elections or by extending the terms of those who had been elected not later than 1939.[152]. Including the Jews who died in concentration camps in France, this would have made for a total figure of 90,000 Jewish deaths (a quarter of the total Jewish population before the war, by his estimate). Gabon, which was the only territory of French Equatorial Africa that was unwilling to join the Free French Forces, fell into allied hands on 12 November 1940, after the capital Libreville was bombed and captured. Although Pétain could claim legality for himself – particularly in comparison with the essentially self-appointed leadership of Charles de Gaulle – the dubious circumstances of the vote explain why a majority of French historians do not consider Vichy a complete continuity of the French state. By the same vote, they also granted him the power to write a new constitution. When close collaboration with the Germans proved impracticable, a plot was formed at Vichy against Laval, who fell from power in December 1940 and was succeeded as premier by Pierre Étienne Flandin and then by Admiral Jean Darlan. Almost as soon as he was granted full powers, Pétain began blaming the Third Republic's democracy and endemic corruption for France's humiliating defeat by Germany. De Gaulle's Provisional Government in 1944–45 quietly used the Vichy plans as a base for its own reconstruction program. Even though Darlan was now in the Allied camp, he maintained the repressive Vichy system in North Africa, including concentration camps in southern Algeria and racist laws. [135] The forced labour draft encouraged the French Resistance and undermined the Vichy government.[136]. A separate French agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle had been decided. [68] The outcome was decided by a combination of patriotism and economic opportunism in the expectation that independence would result. [149] Brinon,[150] Luchaire, and Darnand were captured, tried, and executed by 1947. Lemmes, Fabian. [50] (These acts[clarification needed] would later be annulled in August 1944.[1]). [23] Alongside this claim for a moral revolution was Pétain's call for France to turn inwards, to withdraw from the world, which Pétain always portrayed as a hostile and threatening place full of endless dangers for the French. Mother, the cult of the military leader, and the suspicion of the politician.” 3. But nevertheless, girls should preferably exercise the virtues of patience, persistence and resignation. The Constitutional Acts of 11 and 12 July 1940[55] granted to Pétain all powers (legislative, judicial, administrative, executive – and diplomatic) and the title of "head of the French state" (chef de l'État français), as well as the right to nominate his successor. The Vichy government took a number of racially motivated measures. German laws took precedence over French ones in the occupied territories, and the Germans often rode roughshod over the sensibilities of Vichy administrators. The Government of Vichy France was the collaborationist ruling regime or government in Nazi-occupied France during the Second World War.Of contested legitimacy, it was headquartered in the town of Vichy in occupied France, but it initially took shape in Paris under Maréchal Philippe Petain as the successor to the French Third Republic in June 1940. Post-War effort trying to bring them before the courts certainly that of France, eager to please,... 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