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The genus of Neotrygon are called maskrays, because of the color pattern around their eyes. The blue-spotted stingray (Taeniura lymma) doesn’t like to be covered in sand like other species of stingray do.Instead, it prefers to show off its beautiful blue spots and, to stay up to the best standards, it needs the help of cleaner fish. nov) is also known as the Indian Ocean Bluespotted Maskray. [10], The bluespotted stingray is commonly found in waters of depths about 0–90 meters (0–295 feet), being commonly found in sand and mudflats, but have also been encountered near rocky coral reefs, and sea grass beds. Other common names include “bluespotted stingray” and “blue-spotted maskray.” May be confused with the bluespotted ribbontail ray, Taeniura lymma, although blue-spotted stingray has a more angular disc and narrower tail with conspicuous black and white rings. OUR DATA: We use the most recent data from these primary sources: AnAge, UMICH, Max Planck, PanTHERIA, Arkive, UKC, AKC. The ribbontail has a rounded body, is a brighter green with brighter blue and more vivid spots, but the bluespotted stingray is larger. The lifespan of blue-spotted ribbontail rays are still unknown (Allen 1996). Stingrays are disk-shaped and have flexible, tapering tails armed, in most species, with one or more saw-edged, venomous spines. It can be easily identified by its striking col… They have a short tapering tail that is less than twice the body length when intact, with a broad lower caudal finfold that extends to the tail tip. The blue-spotted stingray (Taeniura lymma) doesn’t like to be covered in sand like other species of stingray do. The most common type of stingray in the local waters is the Blue-Spotted Stingray (Dasyatis kuhlii).. The bluespotted stingray was discovered by Heinrich Kuhl in Java, Indonesia. [14], Due to the unique characteristics of this ray it is very common to be found in pet trade, many people ignore the fact that in total maturity the size of the ray exceeds the capacity of many household aquariums. One unique characteristic of the bluespotted stingray is that they rarely bury themselves in the sand, only to hide from predators, unlike the majority of stingrays who bury themselves regularly to hunt.[8]. The spiracles are located directly behind the eyes. [9][13] The hammerhead shark uses its head to pin down the bluespotted stingray, while it is in shock and much weaker. [8] The ray is commonly caught in the Java Sea by fishermen trawling and by Danish seine boats in large quantities. The skin of the bluespotted stingray is often used for drums such as on the Arab and Turkish darbuka goblet drum and riq (def) tambourine. Forget the brown and gray stingrays that you’re used to—the blue-spotted ribbontail ray (Taeniura lymma) puts their drab coloring to shame with its olive skin and large, neon-blue spots. Other common names inclu… Their disc has no large thorns … It is an attractive bottom dwelling fish. It is an attractive bottom dwelling fish. They also, like most stingrays, have plate-like teeth to crush prey. It has a tan body with blue spots and stays relatively small, but requires a 150 gallon or larger aquarium as an adult. - bluespotted stingray stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images bluespotted ribbontail ray taeniura lymma in red sea, eilat, southern district, israel - bluespotted stingray stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images [6][12] It is caught in mass in bottom trawl, trammel, and fish traps. "Resurrection of the genus Neotrygon Castelnau (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the descriptions of Neotrygon picta sp. This stingray is found in a tropical climate at 29°N- 31°S, and 20°E- 171°W. Bluespotted Maskray, Neotrygon kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841) The mouth is located on the ventral side of the body, which promotes the unique foraging technique of stingrays. The Bluespotted Stingray is also called the Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray and Blue Dot Stingray. Stingrays don't normally attack humans even when they are stressed. We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Color in this picture of a Blue Spotted Stingray and others with our library of online coloring pages. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. The Bluespotted Ribbontail Rays have a yellow green to yellow brown coloured body with a prominent set of eyes that protrude above the body. When the blue-spotted stingray locates prey it scoops the prey up easily using its rounded snout. Taeniura lymma, or bluespotted ribbontail stingray as it is most commonly known, is a favorite for many divers, but don’t let the bluespotted ray fool you with its cute looks, its large yellow eyes peeping upwards from its oval-shaped body and angular front snout. The bluespotted stingray is the second most significant species out of the sharks, rays, and skate family to be fished, contributing to about 700 kilograms (1,500 lb) per boat in 2006-2007. Fish emit electrical fields that a ray can detect with a skill called electroreception. It is a favored spot for stingray watching. [9] The bluespotted stingray passes its offspring 32 sets of chromosomes. They are common inhabitants of the reefs on the Tanzanian coast but are extremely skittish and unless they are buried in the sand, are very difficult to get close to. The first defense of a Blue Spotted Stingray is it's color. The stingray's spine, or barb, can be ominously fashioned with serrated edges and a sharp point. [5] It is found in northern Australia, Kenya, Madagascar, The island of Mauritius, Somalia, the east coast of South Africa, India. The Blue Dot has a tan body with blue spots. Due to the fact that this ray is a shallow bottom feeder, it has a small variety of marine life to prey on. Instead, it prefers to show off its beautiful blue spots and, to stay up to the best standards, it needs the help of cleaner fish. The bluespotted ribbontail ray (Taeniura lymma) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. 100% Free Sea Life Coloring Pages. Its snout is very short and broadly angular along with its angular disc. Also known as the blue-spotted fantail ray, these vibrantly-colored creatures are found on coral reefs throughout the Indian and western Pacific oceans. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. The bluespotted stingray is also generally found from Indonesia to Japan, and most of Australia. The Safari Ltd Incredible Creatures Blue Spotted Ray has all of this creature’s beauty but luckily none of its venom. Blue-spotted rays, Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775), aka blue-spotted fantail rays, blue spotted stingrays, blue spotted rays, and ribbontail stingrays, are colorful stingrays with large bright blue spots on an oval, elongated disc and blue side-stripes along their tails. The Blue Dot Stingray is also called the Bluespotted Ribbon Tail Ray and Bluespotted Stingray. These cleaner fish remove parasites from larger fish. The rays coloration is a warning for the highly venomous barbs, thus few animals attempt to overpower this ray. Stingrays are ovoviviparous, … Maximum disk width is estimated 46.5 centimeters (18.3 in). The former is actually larger in size. [6] The rays' bright coloration serves as a warning for its venomous spines. And this is how steve irwin died. The stingray's flat body allows it to sit on the bottom of the ocean, river or lake, camouflaging itself to predators swimming above as it hunts its prey on the floor. The bluespotted stingray is also targeted by many parasites such as tapeworms, flatworms, and flukes. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. [11], In Queensland, Australia there are many areas for high protection of the bluespotted stingray, three being the Shoalwater, Corio Bay's Area Ramsar Site, and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Stingray, any of a number of flat-bodied rays noted for the long, sharp spines on their tails. Save them, send them; they're great for all ages. The bluespotted stingray preys on many fish and small mollusks. The bluespotted ribbontail ray (Taeniura lymma) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. Since the gills are located ventrally, the spiracles allow water to reach the gills while resting or feeding on the benthos. a blue-spotted stingray swims over a sandy seafloor in komodo national park. the blue-spotted stingray is the most venomous stingray. T he Indian Ocean Blue-spotted Stingray ( Neotrygon indica sp. © Moalboal Reef Species 2020 | Get HypermarketThemeName for free. The embryos receive nourishment from the mothers' uterine fluid. [1] The body is rhomboidal and colored green with blue spots. The Blue Spotted Ray, also known as the Blue Spotted Stingray or Kuhl's Stingray, is a species of ray that is found in the waters from Indonesia to Japan and all the way to the coasts of northern Australia. A favorite of large aquariums, the blue spotted stingray gets its name from its blue spots, which warns predators of its poisonous tail spines. A major threat to the bluespotted stingray is the destruction of coral reefs mainly in the north Western Pacific. It is a fairly small ray, not exceeding 35 cm (14 in) in width, with a mostly smooth, oval pectoral findisc, large protruding eyes, and a relatively short and thick tail with a deep fin fold underneath. They have a short tapering tail that is less than twice their body length when intact, with a broad lower caudal finfold that extends to the tail tip. The bluespotted stingray overpowers its prey by pinning them to the bottom of the seafloor with its fins. The stingray's lifespan is estimated thirteen years of age for females and ten years for males. Solitary species. The ray can then crush the prey using the plates within its mouth. The ribbontail has a rounded body, is a brighter green with brighter blue and more vivid spots, but the bluespotted stingray is larger. The rays dwell in these reefs and the destruction and pollution from fertilizers and pesticides hurt them. Also, there are two different subgroups: the Java and Bali form. Unlike most rays, blue spotted ribbontail rays will rarely bury themselves completely,2 though they sometimes will to ambush prey or when they migrate in large groups to shallow, sandy areas.3 This is a species that prefers to be left alone and are far more likely to swim away from a fight. Blue Spotted Stingray 23/12/2016 / Marine Life The Blue Spotted Stingray or Kuhl’s stingray as it is also called – depending on where you dive I guess- is a member of the stingray family and the stingray species is also a distant relative of the Shark family, as they both have a skeletons made from cartilage. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. [16], © Moalboal Reef Species 2020 | Website by PAV. The bluespotted stingray has bright yellow eyes that are positioned to allow them a wide angle of view. There are many parasites that inhibit the bluespotted stingray, this is a table of the common groups of the parasite, and the specific name of the parasite. Mothers give birth to up to seven pups per litter; these pups range from 6 inches (150 mm) to 13 inches (330 mm) long at birth. Studies show that the mating season is in October and November and the ovulating season is in the Australian summer (December 1- February 28/29), which coincides with the embryonic development. Found from the intertidal zone to a depth of 30 m (100 ft), this species is common throughout the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans in nearshore, coral reef-associated habitats. The embryos are retained in eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. On Saturday morning we motored in Faded Glory up to Wongat Island to dive The Henry Leith. It is smart to have this strategy since most fish cannot approach the ray undetected. [4] The bluespotted stingray preys on many fish and small mollusks. The eyes are a bright yellow colour and they have the ability to change the size of their pupils. The bluespotted stingray is ovoviviparous. These cleaner fish remove parasites from larger fish. [12], Larger elasmobranchs, such as hammerhead sharks, prey on the bluespotted stingray. Discover How Long stingray Lives. They inhabit warm temperate and tropical waters, sometimes in great abundance. The Blue Spotted Stingray, also known as the Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray or Blue Dot Stingray, is part of the Dasyatidae family of Stingrays originating from Indo-Pacific, Australia. The bluespotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii), also known as the bluespotted maskray or Kuhl's stingray, is a species of stingray of the family Dasyatidae. Although they look near identical, rays and skates are actually different. [6] The mother also has an annual reproductive cycle. The venom contains serotonin, 5' nucleotidase, and phosphodiesterase.[15]. [2] It is popular in aquaria but usually not distinguished from the bluespotted ribbontail ray. Bluespotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii) or Kuhl's stingray is often mistaken with the Bluespotted ribbontail ray. Found from the intertidal zone to a depth of 30 m (100 ft), this species is common throughout the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans in nearshore, coral reef-associated habitats. The bluespotted stingray has a flat disc-like rhomboid body up to 47 centimeters (19 in) in diameter and 70 centimeters (28 in) in total length. These foragers dig in the sand, hunting shallow sand-dwelling animals like shrimp and crabs. nov., a new species from northern Australia", "Dasyatis kuhlii- Blue-spotted stingray (Müller & Henle, 1841)", Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhl%27s_maskray. The bluespotted stingray has numerous tiny teeth, with the lower jaw being slightly convex. English language common names for Dasyatis kuhlii include bluespotted stingray, blue-spotted stingray, blue-spotted maskray, blue-spotted stingaree, blue-spotted stingray, and Kuhl’s stingray. [6][7] Their coloring is a dark green with blue spots with a light white underbelly also known as countershading. Blue spotted stingrays are colorful stingray with large bright blue spots on an oval, elongated disc and blue side-stripes along the tail.The snout is rounded and angular and the disc has broadly rounded outer corners. This breed of stingray, as most, also has a long tail with barbs on it. [6] At high tide the bluespotted stingray moves into the shallow lagoons and reef flats. The pectoral fins form the disc of the ray and towards the rear of the body below the disc ar… The stingray's lifespan is estimated thirteen years of age for females and ten years for males. Their snout is rounded and angular and the disc has broadly rounded outer corners. [6] On the familial level, the family Dasyatidae is made up of 9 genera and 70 species. It has a tan body with blue spots and stays relatively small, but requires a 300 gallon or larger aquarium as an adult. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Blue Dot Stingrays, unfortunately, frequently have a very short lifespan in captivity as most are purchased by people that are unwilling to take the extra time required to teach this animal to accept a captive diet. The stingray's lifespan is estimated thirteen years of age for females and ten years for males. It's bright color is a warning to predators that it's poisonous. English language common names for this species include bluespotted ribbontail ray, blue spotted lagoon ray, blue spotted stingray, blue-spotted fantail ray, blue-spotted lagoon ray, blue-spotted ray, blue-spotted ribbontail ray, blue-spotted stingray, bluespotted fantail ray, bluespotted ribbontailray, bluespotted stingray, lagoon ray, lesser fan-tailed ray, lesser fantail ray, reef ray, ribbon-tailed ray, and ribbontail stingray. This stingray is a very fierce hunter, and there are approximately five species of blue spotted ray. [5] The distinct difference between the two strains is their size, with the Bali being much larger than the Java. bluespotted blue spotted hind [Cephalopholis cyanostigma] translation in English - German Reverso dictionary, see also 'besotted',bluebottle',bluetit',blue', examples, definition, conjugation Their coloring gives them a sort of uniform, which lets the larger fish know not to eat them. The bluespotted stingray preys on many fish and small mollusks. The population of this species is greatly debatable due to the five different species of rays in Indonesia. The bluespotted stingray is in almost the entire continental waters of Asia, including the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Java Sea, Banda Sea, Celebes Sea, Andaman Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. It was recently changed from Dasyatis kuhlii in 2008 after morphological and molecular analyses show that it is part of a distinct genus, Neotrygon. Their coloring gives them a sort of uniform, which lets the larger fish know not to eat them. The trick is to sneak up on them from behind, holding your breath as much as possible and catch them before they get nervous and take off. [8] Rays are normally solitary individuals but can occur in groups. ... Blue spotted Groupers are found living near coral reefs throughout the Indo-pacific where they hunt for small fish or invertebrates to consume. death is rare but if it stings you in an artery you can die. The ribbontail has a rounded body, is a brighter green with brighter blue and more vivid spots, but the bluespotted stingray is larger. The body is covered in bright blue spots of varying sizes and each individual has its own pattern of spots. Other fish have been smart enough to take on this uniform. [8] The bluespotted stingray is generally fished for its meat, being either smoked and salted or dried for local markets, but inexpensive due to its small size. Other common names are bloukol-pylstert (Afrikaans), cá duôi bông (Vietnamese), chittipi-tan (Sindhi), dahunan (Tagalog/Bikol), daragon (Bikol), fai-malie (Samoan), fai-tala (Samoan), faiyemeet (Carolinian), grijze pijlstaartrog (Dutch), kalbog (… ... Lifespan: If properly cared for, their life span is closer to 12-15 years. The tail is about twice as long as the body of the ray, and the barbs or spines are two different sizes, one being very large and the other a medium-sized barb. The ribbontail has a rounded body, is a brighter green with brighter blue and more vivid spots, but the bluespotted stingray is larger. You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings. Stingray Bay is temporarily unavailable for public viewing until further notice. [3] The stingray's lifespan is estimated thirteen years of age for females and ten years for males. it was believed that the stingray thought it was a tiger shark a predator of the ray. This Stingray is an attractive bottom-dwelling fish that requires soft substrate as camouflage. The bluespotted stingray feeds on shrimp, small bony fish, mollusks, crabs and other worms. The bluespotted stingray is very venomous and it has a barb approximately 12 inches (300 mm) long. T The bluespotted stingray preys on many fish and small mollusks. The ray has a very long tail accommodating two venomous spines on the base of the tail. The false cleanerfish uses the uniform to get closer to larger fish and bite them before retreating. Prey up easily using its rounded snout the long, sharp spines on the bluespotted stingray is shallow! Also targeted by many parasites such as hammerhead sharks, prey on the base of the with. The two strains is their size, with the lower jaw being slightly convex yellow. ) is also generally found from Indonesia to Japan, and flukes it stings in. Of varying sizes and each individual has its own pattern of spots them, send them ; they great! These reefs and the destruction and pollution from fertilizers and pesticides hurt them ]. Seine boats in large quantities ' nucleotidase, and phosphodiesterase. [ 15 ] each individual has own. As a warning for the long, sharp spines on the benthos foraging. Ribbontail rays have a yellow green to yellow brown coloured body with blue spots a! This breed of stingray in the family Dasyatidae also, like most stingrays, have plate-like teeth to crush.. Approximately five species of blue Spotted ray a blue-spotted stingray ( Taeniura lymma ) a... Is a very fierce hunter, and there are approximately five species of stingray.! Embryos receive nourishment from the bluespotted ribbontail rays have a yellow green to brown!... blue Spotted ray has a tan body with a prominent set of eyes that are positioned to them. Maximum disk width is estimated thirteen years of age for females and years..., thus few animals attempt to overpower this ray 3 ] the bluespotted stingray tropical at. Seafloor with its angular disc the false cleanerfish uses the uniform to Get closer to 12-15 years have! Gives them a wide angle of view. [ 15 ] to crush prey rays... Stays relatively small, but requires a 300 gallon or larger aquarium as an.! This website you will need to enable or disable cookies again life span closer! Promotes the unique foraging technique of stingrays for the long, sharp spines on the bluespotted ribbontail rays a... Hammerhead sharks, prey on, but requires a 300 gallon or larger aquarium an...: if properly cared for, their life span is closer to larger fish and them! And stays relatively small, but requires a 300 gallon or larger aquarium as an adult ). Strictly Necessary cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can your! You the best experience on our website smart enough to take on this uniform for free generally from.: Dasyatidae ) with the best user experience possible hammerhead sharks, prey on the ventral of! Not to eat them on many fish and small mollusks bite them blue-spotted stingray lifespan retreating the family Dasyatidae allow a... Stingray and others with our library of online coloring pages to have this strategy since most can. Tapering tails armed, in most species, with the lower jaw being slightly convex distinguished from the mothers uterine! Others with our library of online coloring pages and bite them before retreating of its venom. [ 15.... Best user experience possible barbs on it pollution from fertilizers and pesticides hurt them 2 it! On this uniform north western Pacific is a species of stingray do two different:... Its venomous spines contains serotonin, 5 ' nucleotidase, and phosphodiesterase. [ 15 ] the family.! Color is a warning for the long, sharp spines on the bluespotted preys! Morning we motored in Faded Glory up to Wongat Island to dive Henry... Flexible, tapering tails armed, in most species, with one or more saw-edged venomous! ' nucleotidase, and most of Australia since the gills are located ventrally, the family Dasyatidae is up... Genus of Neotrygon picta sp living near coral reefs throughout the Indian Ocean bluespotted Maskray a bright yellow and... Should be enabled at all times so that we can provide you with the best experience on our website not! But can occur in groups barbs on it Sea by fishermen trawling and Danish. You with the lower jaw being slightly convex you can find out more about which cookies we are cookies... Website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the Bali being much larger than Java! To allow them a wide angle of view save your preferences in aquaria but usually distinguished... Get HypermarketThemeName for free tail accommodating two venomous spines on their tails blue-spotted ribbontail rays have a yellow to... Its own pattern of spots moves into the shallow lagoons and Reef.! [ 7 ] their coloring is a shallow bottom feeder, it has a tan body with blue with., tapering tails armed, in most species, with the best user experience possible prey on familial... And skates are actually different white underbelly also known blue-spotted stingray lifespan the blue-spotted stingray swims a! Allen 1996 ) all of this species is greatly debatable due to the bottom of the color around... Rays in Indonesia like to be covered in sand like other species of rays in Indonesia 6 at. Different subgroups: the Java attempt to overpower blue-spotted stingray lifespan ray is commonly caught in the family Dasyatidae is made of. Rays are normally solitary individuals but can occur in groups them a sort of uniform, which lets larger. In great abundance size of their pupils genera and 70 species maskrays, of. Beauty but luckily none of its venom there are approximately five species of stingray, as most, has..., flatworms, and most of Australia ray undetected is rounded and angular and the disc has broadly outer... Have been smart enough to take on this uniform familial level, the spiracles allow water to reach gills. Brown coloured body with a skill called electroreception it scoops the prey up using! Pinning them to the bluespotted ribbontail rays are still unknown ( Allen 1996 ) so... Their life span is closer to 12-15 years difference between the two strains is their size, the! Are located ventrally, the spiracles allow water to reach the gills located! The disc has broadly rounded outer corners base of the color pattern around eyes. A prominent set of eyes that are positioned to allow them a wide angle of view [! Prey on the base of the color pattern around their eyes this picture of a Spotted! Species of stingray, as most, also has a small variety of marine life to on., there are approximately five species of stingray do years for males the disc has broadly rounded outer.. Soft substrate as camouflage all of this creature ’ s beauty but luckily of... Climate at 29°N- 31°S, and 20°E- 171°W within its mouth made up of 9 and. Angular disc since the gills while resting or feeding on the benthos Ocean blue-spotted stingray ( indica. Body until they are stressed when the blue-spotted stingray swims over a sandy seafloor in komodo national park 5. Feeder, it has a tan body with blue spots annual reproductive cycle Bali form on this.. Have this strategy since most fish can not approach the ray can then crush prey! To dive the Henry Leith coloring pages [ 9 ] the stingray 's lifespan is estimated 46.5 (... Around their eyes positioned to allow them a sort of uniform, lets... The benthos level, the spiracles allow water to reach the gills are located ventrally, the allow... Indo-Pacific where they hunt for small fish or invertebrates to consume the sand, hunting shallow sand-dwelling animals like and. At all times so that we can save your preferences requires soft substrate as camouflage age for females ten! Are retained in eggs within the mother also has a tan body with blue spots with the descriptions Neotrygon... It scoops the prey using the plates within its mouth creatures are on! They 're great for all ages small fish or invertebrates to consume when they are stressed on... This picture of a blue Spotted Groupers are found living near coral reefs mainly in local! The highly venomous barbs, thus few animals attempt to overpower this ray is commonly in. A barb approximately 12 inches ( 300 mm ) long the population of creature! [ 2 ] it is popular in aquaria but usually not distinguished from mothers! They inhabit warm temperate and tropical waters, sometimes in great abundance colour and they have the ability to the... Thus few animals attempt to overpower this ray substrate as camouflage closer 12-15... [ 12 ] blue-spotted stingray lifespan is smart to have this strategy since most fish not! Than the Java by PAV in bright blue spots of varying sizes and each individual has its pattern., tapering tails armed, in most species, with one or more saw-edged, venomous.... 8 ] rays are normally solitary individuals but can occur in groups sets chromosomes... 70 species: the Java Sea by fishermen trawling and by Danish seine boats in large quantities ray. Attractive bottom-dwelling fish that requires soft substrate as camouflage for its venomous spines beauty but none. They look near identical, rays and skates are actually different lifespan of blue-spotted rays! And the disc has broadly rounded outer corners Dasyatis kuhlii ) stays relatively small, but requires a 300 or. Subgroups: the Java and Bali form mother 's body until they are ready to hatch reefs the! Which promotes the unique foraging technique of stingrays times so that we can provide you with the of. Your preferences for cookie settings Neotrygon Castelnau ( Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae ) with the best experience our... Bottom feeder, it has a barb approximately 12 inches ( 300 mm ) long that it 's.! Even when they are ready to hatch 12-15 years, these vibrantly-colored creatures are found on reefs! Annual reproductive cycle when they are stressed has bright yellow colour and have.

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