Actinidiaceae) because of its geocarpy. endstream endobj startxref This distinctive land mass covers an area of approximately 70,000 km2, a figure that accounts for approximately 8% of the total land area of the country (Mmom & Igbuku, 2015). The freshwater swamps usually only contain typical rice field weeds like Hydrilla verticillata. Petroleum exploration and production: Past and present environmental issues in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Climbers are common as are creepers and the herb layer is very varied. Salix lucida ssp. As a result, oil, which should be a (re)source of blessing, is now seen as a curse due to the many challenges emanating from its exploration and production. (Salix cinerea) (Davoren 1978). bigelovii is a coastal plant, and var. It is a variant of Silvanus, the Roman deity of uncultivated lands, trees, and woods. lasiandra > 40% absolute cover in the overstory without other strong woody dominants (Hickson and Keeler-Wolf 2007). The most common species are Barringtonia acutangula and Barringtonia micrantha (Lecythidaceae), Elaeocarpus griffithii and Elaeocarpus madropetalus (Elaeocarpaceae), Hydnocarpus authelminthica (Flacourtiaceae), and Malotus anisopodum (Euphorbiaceae). Riverine forests are characterized by Eucalyptus deglupta, (Fam. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park is one of the 19 biodiversity hotspotsin the world. h�Ԙmo�6�� Native palms, often a characteristic component of typical swamp forests, are entirely absent from the Tonle Sap floodplain with the exception of the local occurrences of rattans in some gallery forests. Some species have therefore evolved almost identical pneumatophores which enable gas exchange above the soil. Figure 7.1. Salix nigra is a medium-sized deciduous tree, the largest North American species of willow, growing to 10–30 m (35–100 ft) tall, exceptionally up to 45 m (148 ft), with a trunk 50–80 centimeters (20–30 in) diameter.The bark is dark brown to blackish, becoming fissured in older trees, and frequently forking near the base. (2013). The shallow shoreline of Tonle Sap supports dense mats of herbaceous vegetation 1–3 m tall that may be emergent from shallow water but are more typically floating (MacDonald et al., 1997). The plant community then is very similar to those of an eutrophic lake shore. They are mainly found in reservoirs of Deccan Plateau, saline coast of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Gulf of Kutch, Eastern Coast Deltas, lakes and … Waves that succeed in getting back to the surface are recorded by a device known as a geophone connected to impulse-reading computer tapes and a computer for detailed geophysical interpretation. The coastal forests are diverse, including moist lowland forest, freshwater swamp forest, mangrove zone, etc. The floodplain forest subsidizes the food webs of the river with its high production of leaves, which partially decompose on the forest floor and a large portion of which are ultimately flushed into the main channel (e.g., Meyer 1990). On land, vibreosis can be used to generate sound waves, whereas airguns are used offshore. %%EOF Submerged macrophytes are rare in swamp forests. h�bbd``b`:$[@�$ ��H�� �� BD�c��7��D�P\Q0��@�*Ht�b`bdH ��%�3�0 �� 8 Gondwana Rainforests 3. (11.3)). D.L. Swamp forests typically occur in areas permanently inundated with shallow freshwater. These families include the Cyperaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Marantaceae, Najadaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Pontederiaceae, and Potamogetonaceae (MacDonald et al., 1997). leaved, southwestern black, swamp, tall black, Texas black, and western black willow; sauce, saule, saule noir, sauz, swamp walnut, weide, wilg, willow, and willow catkins . Human activities responsible for coastal forest clearance in Nigeria include cutting for firewood and charcoal, conversion for industrial development, road and pipeline construction, oil spills, dredging, and effluent impact. The French literature has referred to the swamp forest association in Cambodia as forêt inondee (Légris and Blasco 1972; Rollet, 1972). A good example is the black willow (Salix nigra) type of maritime swamp forest, which may initially become established as a shrubland but quickly attains a woodland or forest stature as the trees mature. Freshwater swamp forest, freshwater swamp forest, mangrove zone, etc ’ s Niger.. 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